c 9253-6T > c REV3L: A novel marker of poor prognosis in Myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies characterized by dysplasias, ineffective hematopoiesis and risk of acute myeloid leukemia transformation. Approximately 90% of MDS patients present mutations in genes involved in various cell signaling pathways. Specialized DNA polymerases, such as POLN, POLI, POLK, POLQ, POLH, POLL and REV3L, insert a nucleotide opposite replication-blocking DNA lesions in an error-prone manner and, in this way, sometimes can actively promote the generation of mutation. For the best of our knowledge, has not been described the mutations of these genes in MDS. DNA target sequencing CDS regions of the REV3L gene was performed in a 58-year-old man diagnosed as High Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome. The patient presented very low hemoglobin, increased number of blasts, karyotype:47,XY,+8[6]/47,XY,del(7)(q32),+8[7], no response to hypomethylating therapy (decitabine), all markers of poor prognosis. Target sequencing identified a mutation c.9253-6T>C REV3L (Substitution - intronic) with VAF (variant allele frequency) = 16% considered pathogenic according to Functional Analysis through. Hidden Markov Models (FATHMM). This is the first evidence of REV3L mutation in MDS and, of utmost importance, associated with poor prognosis.

Spontaneous chromatid break as clonal evolution in myelodysplastic syndrome patients / Quebra espontânea de cromátides como evolução clonal em pacientes com síndrome mielodisplásica

ABSTRACT Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by peripheral cytopenias due to ineffective erythropoiesis and an increased risk for evolving into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chromosomal abnormalities represent the most important marker of risk stratification for AML transformation. Chromatid break (chtb) is a discontinuity of a single chromatid. We report the case of a patient with MDS whose cytogenetic analysis showed spontaneous chromatid breakage (chrb): 46,XY,add(13)(q34),chtb(15)(q24) [3]/47,XY,chtb(2)(q22),del(5)(q35),del(7)(q32),+8,del(11q)(q23),del(q22)[cp17]. He was considered a high-risk patient due to the complex karyotype and the presence of chtb. We suggest that this chromosomal abnormality may be considered as a marker of genomic instability in MDS.

RESUMO A síndrome mielodisplásica (SMD) é uma desordem clonal das células-tronco hematopoiéticas caracterizada por citopenias periféricas devido à hematopoiese ineficaz e pelo aumento do risco de evolução para a leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA). As alterações cromossômicas representam o marcador mais importante da estratificação de risco para a transformação de LMA. Quebra das cromátides (chtb) é uma descontinuidade de uma única cromátide. Relatamos o caso de um paciente com SMD, cuja análise citogenética mostrou chtb espontâneo: 46,XY,add(13)(q34),chtb(15)(q24)[3]/47,XY,chtb(2)(q22),del(5) (q35),del(7)(q32),+8,del(11q)(q23),del(q22)[cp17]. O paciente foi considerado de alto risco devido ao cariótipo complexo e à presença de chtb. Sugerimos que essa anormalidade cromossômica possa ser considerada como marcador de instabilidade.

Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of bone: an unusual presentation.

Primary lymphoma of bone (PLB) is an extremely rare condition that is usually confused with other primary injuries of the bone. It is characterized by the involvement of one or more bone locations, with or without involvement of regional lymph nodes and viscera. PLB constitutes 3-7% of all malignant bone tumors and approximately 3% of all extranodal lymphomas. It is found at all ages, being most frequently seen in adult life. Any part of the skeleton can be involved, but a trend exists in favor of bones with persistent bone marrow. We report a case of PLB with an unusual presentation: involvement of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Treatment with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) plus etoposide established complete remission. Consolidation with radiotherapy of the femur and phalanx was performed. There was no evidence of recurrence at the 14 th month follow-up.

Linfoma não Hodgkin primário da coluna vertebral / Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the vertebral column

O linfoma primário do osso (LPO) é uma condição extremamente rara, habitualmente confundida com outras lesões ósseas primárias. É responsável por cerca de 3 por cento-5 por cento de todos os tumores malignos no osso e 4 por cento-7 por cento de todos os linfomas nãoHodgkin extranodais. Caracteriza-se pelo envolvimento de um ou vários locais ósseos, com ou sem comprometimento de linfonodos regionais e vísceras. Histopatologicamente, o linfoma non Hodgkin de grandes células B representa a maioria dos casos de LPO. Ossos longos são mais frequentemente comprometidos, e o fêmur é o sítio mais acometido. Osso ilíaco e da coluna vertebral também podem ser atingidos. Relatamos um caso raro de linfoma não Hodgkin da vértebra em mulher de 41 anos. A imuno-histoquímica revelou CD20 e CD45 positivos. Ela foi diagnosticada com linfoma primário difuso de grandes células B da coluna vertebral. O estudo histopatológico da medula óssea não detectou infiltração por hemopatia linfoide. A paciente foi tratada com quimioterapia CHOP juntamente com etoposide, seguida de radioterapia (dose total = 3600cGy) na região tóraco-lombar. Não houve evidência de recidiva em um período de vinte meses de acompanhamento.

Primary bone lymphoma (PBL) is an extremely rare condition, commonly confused with other primary bone injuries. It accounts for approximately 3-5 percent of all malignant bone tumors and 4-7 percent of all extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. It is characterized by the involvement of one or multiple bone locations, with or without the involvement of regional lymph nodes and viscera. Histopathologically, diffuse large-B-cell lymphomas account for the majority of cases of PBL. Long bones are usually involved, with the femur being the most commonly affected site. Pelvic bones and the vertebral column can also be involved. We report on a rare case of PLB of the vertebra in a 41-year-old woman. Immunohistochemistry examinations revealed CD20 and CD45 positive cells. She was diagnosed with primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as a vertebral column tumor. The histopathologic analysis of the bone marrow did not show lymphoproliferative disorders. The patient was treated with a CHOP plus etoposide regimen. Systemic chemotherapy was followed by radiotherapy (total dose = 3600 cGy) in the thoracolumbar region. There was no evidence of recurrence in the 20-month follow up.

Síndrome mielodisplásica secundária à quimio ou radioterapia: SMD relacionada a tratamento / Myelodysplastic syndrome secondary to chemo: and radiotherapy MDS related to the treatment

O efeito leucemogênico dos agentes quimioterápicos após o tratamento para neoplasias é bem conhecido. Síndrome mielodisplásica secundária a quimio ou radioterapia, também denominada relacionada à terapia (SMD-t), geralmente ocorre quatro a sete anos após a exposição inicial ao agente quimio ou radioterápico, acomete habitualmente pacientes jovens, apresenta alta incidência de transformação para leucemia mielóide aguda (LMA), está associada a citopenias severas, displasia das três linhagens, celularidade medular reduzida e fibrose, e anormalidades citogenéticas em até 80 por cento dos casos. As anormalidades mais freqüentes envolvem os cromossomos 5 e 7. No tocante à quimioterapia, os agentes alquilantes são as drogas mais comumente associadas com SMD-t. Quimioterápicos em altas doses usados como parte de regimes de condicionamento para transplantes de medula óssea e radioterapia, além dos esquemas COPP/ABV e BEACOPP, estão associados com SMD-t. Recentemente, drogas como azatioprina, cladribina e rituximab também foram relacionadas à SMD-t. Devido ao aumento da sobrevida de pacientes acometidos por neoplasias malignas, a SMD-t surge como efeito mutagênico desses tratamentos e confere prognóstico desfavorável.

The leukaemogenic effect of chemotherapeutic agents after treatment for other malignancies have been well described. Myelodysplastic syndrome secondary to chemo- and radiotherapy (MDS-t) usually develops four to seven years after the initial exposure to chemotherapy frequently involving young patients, shows a high incidence of transformation to AML, is associated with severe cytopenias, trilineage dysplasia, reduced marrow cellularity and fibrosis, and presents an incidence of chromosomal abnormalities of up to 80 percent of the cases. The most common abnormalities are related to chromosomes 5 and 7. Alkylating agents have been considered the most common drugs associated with MDS-t. High dose chemotherapy used as part of the conditioning regimen prior to bone marrow transplantation as well as traditional regimens such as COPP/ABV and BEACOPP have also been associated with MDS-t. Recently, drugs such as azathioprine, rituximab and cladribine have been reported as causes too. Due to the increasing survival of patients suffering from other malignancies, MDS-t results as a mutagenic effect of these therapies and is related to poor prognosis.

Gemtuzumab Ozogamicina: uma opção no tratamento de Leucemia mielóide aguda CD33+ / Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: an option in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia CD33+

Gemtuzumab Ozogamicina (GO) é um derivado semi-sintético de caliqueamicina, um antibiótico citotóxico ligado a um anticorpo monoclonal direcionado contra antígeno CD33 presente nos mieloblastos leucêmicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os efeitos colaterais, remissão e a sobrevida de 11 pacientes com leucemia mielóide aguda que utilizaram GO. A maior toxicidade foi atribuída à mielossupressão, a qual esteve presente em todos os pacientes. Um paciente foi a óbito devido a doença hepática veno-oclusiva. Quatro pacientes utilizaram a droga para tratamento de recaída e dois atingiram remissão parcial. Dois pacientes utilizaram a droga para tratamento de doença refratária e um atingiu remissão completa com 12 meses de sobrevida. GO foi utilizada para consolidação de cinco pacientes. Acreditamos que a droga é segura e pode ser uma opção para pacientes que não toleram os esquemas quimioterápicos tradicionais.

Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin consists of a semisynthetic derivate ofcalicheamicin, a cytotoxic antibiotic linked to a recombinantmonoclonal antibody directed against the CD33 antigen presenton leukemic myeloblasts. The aim of this report is to evaluate theside effects, remission and survival of 11 patients with acutemyeloid leukemia that took Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin. The majortoxicity was myelosuppression that was seen in all the patients.One patient died due to hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Fourpatients used the drug for relapse and two achieved partialremission. Two patients used the drug for refractory disease andone achieved complete remission with 12 months survival.Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin was also used for the consolidationtherapy of 5 patients. We believe that Gemtuzumab Ozogamicinis safe and is an alternative for patients that do not respond toconventional therapy.

A rare case of fatal hepatic veno-occlusive disease and rupture of the spleen vein and artery after Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (Mylotarg®) infusion

Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (Mylotarg®) targets leukemia cells expressing the CD 33 receptor by means of a monoclonal antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent, calicheamicin. It was approved for use in elderly patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia and reversible hepatotoxicity is common after administration. The first case of hepatic veno-occlusive disease was reported after Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin infusion in a patient who had been submitted to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 8 months earlier. Three phase 2 studies with 188 patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse that used Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin were analysed and the incidence of fatal hepatic veno-occlusive disease in these studies was < 1 percent, and prior hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was the most significant risk factor. The aim of this paper is to report a rare fatal case of hepatic veno-occlusive disease with rupture of the spleen vein and artery in a 68-year-old patient that had received Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first case report of hepatic veno-occlusive disease with rupture of the spleen vein and artery related to Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin.

Gentuzumab Ozogamicina (GO) (Mylotarg®) tem como alvocélulas leucêmicas que expressam CD33 através de um anticorpomonoclonal conjugado a um agente citotóxico, a caliqueamicina.Esta droga foi aprovada para uso em pacientes idosos comleucemia mielóide aguda (LMA) recaída ou refratária ehepatotoxicidade é comum após sua administração. Tack e colaboradoresapresentaram o primeiro caso de doença hepáticaveno-oclusiva (DHVO) após infusão de GO em um paciente quetinha realizado transplante de medula( TMO) há 8 meses. Trêsestudos de fase II com 188 pacientes com LMA foram analisadose a incidência de HVOD fatal foi inferior a 1%, sendo arealização de TMO o fator de risco mais importante. O objetivodeste artigo é relatar um caso raro de DHVO fatal com rupturade veia e artéria hepática em um paciente de 68 anos que recebeuGO. Acreditamos que este é o primeiro relato de HVODcom ruptura de vasos hepáticos relacionado ao uso de GO.